The conversations neurons have as they form and recall memories have been decoded by Medical College of Georgia scientists.

The breakthrough in recognizing in real time the formation and recollection of a memory opens the door to objective, thorough memory studies and eventually better therapies, said Dr. Joe Tsien, neuroscientist and co-director of MCG’s Brain & Behavior Discovery Institute.

He is corresponding author on the study published Dec. 16 in PLoS ONE (see http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0008256). “It’s a beginning, a first glimpse of a memory,” Dr. Tsien said.

“For the first time it gives us the ability to look at the brain dynamic and tell what kind of memory is formed, what are the components of the memory and how the memory is retrieved at the network level.

” The finding could help pinpoint at what stage memory formation is flawed and whether drugs are improving it. For their studies, MCG scientists combined new technology and computational methods with century-old Pavlovian conditioning.

In the memory center of the brain, they used 128 electrodes capable of monitoring a handful of neurons each to simultaneously record the conversations of 200 to 300 neurons as mice learned to associate a certain tone with a mild foot shock 20 seconds later.

A computational algorithm translated the neuronal chatter into a discernable and dynamic activity pattern that provided scientists a trace or picture of what the memory looked like as it was formed and recalled.

“By listening to the neuronal activity we were able to decipher the real-time dynamic pattern and the meaning of those conversations so this is really satisfying,” said Dr. Tsien, the Georgia Research Alliance Eminent Scholar in Cognitive and Systems Neurobiology. The trace changed slightly each time it was recalled – likely as the mood or situation of the rodent changed – but still remained recognizable as a specific memory.

The scientists later correlated retrieval of the memory with the mice’s actions, such as freezing upon hearing the tone or returning to the chamber where the foot shock occurred. They found the traces tightly correlated with memory scores: the mice that had lower scores predictably had a fainter trace and those with stronger traces had better behavioral performance, such as freezing in anticipation of a shock.

“At the behavioral level he is just frozen, but with this technique of decoding the real-time memory, it will tell you exactly what he is thinking,” Dr. Tsien said. As expected, when mice were returned one hour later to the chamber where conditioning took place, they repeatedly froze, on average, 1.4 seconds after the recall pattern emerged in the brain.

When placed in a setting with no history of the foot shock, the mice would freeze after they heard the tone. One of the most surprising findings was that the memory trace of the foot shock was the sole memory that emerged in their brains 20 seconds after hearing the tone: just when the mild shock would have followed. “You think we are the only ones that can tell time?” Dr. Tsien said of this unexpected evidence of memory of time.

Problems with memory, the most fundamental cognitive function, can occur at any level – learning, consolidating, storing or retrieving. The ability to watch memories being made in real time should help pinpoint where problems lie, enabling more targeted research and eventual treatment, Dr. Tsien said. “If you don’t know the basic biomarkers such as blood glucose or insulin level, it’s hard to assess and study diabetes. Without knowing what memory traces are, you really don’t have the precise physiological biomarkers to study memory and to reliably evaluate the effectiveness of treatment of memory disorders.

We all know that behavior can be quite misleading sometime.” The ability to tell what memory is produced and how good that memory is could also dramatically shape development of machines that are controlled directly by the mind, rather than those using hands as an intermediary, he noted. Studies were done in the CA1 region of the hippocampus, a well-documented center for forming associative memories. Similar tests are needed in other memory regions, Dr. Tsien said.

Related technology is already advancing patient care. For instance, primate studies of essential motor neuron connections are advancing the development of mind-controlled prosthetic limbs and electrodes can help identify where seizures originate. But it will take time and improved non-invasive recording technology before Dr.

Tsien’s memory tests can be done on humans. ### Dr. Guifen Chen, former MCG postdoctoral fellow, is first author on the paper, and Dr. L. Phillip Wang, MCG research scientist, is a co-author. The research was funded by the National Institutes of Health and the Georgia Research Alliance.

Buying a domain is very simple. Im going to explain you how and where you can get a domain.

Depending on what are your objectives on buying a domain, there are different options. At this time im going to explain you only the best and solutions avaiable to buy domains, ready for launching a nice and affordable website as those we see daily in internet.

First of all we need a registered domain. So we must find a reference company to register the name that we want. They will do that in a matter of minutes if the domain is avaiable. Differences are very little ( 1$ or 2$ per year) so better not take risks with small and unknown companies. These companies are market leaders and in my opinion the best ones.

Best options avaiable:

Dynadot.com

Godaddy.com

Just for a remark, I registered all my websites, including this one, with Dynadot.

So you access the site and search if the domain is avaiable at the serach bar. Here i must say that are different extensions (end of the domain name).

For example:

yourdomain.com

yourdomain.net

yourdomain.org

yourdomain.info

yourdomain.biz

yourdomain.us

… and many more.

Try to use any of this ones, because they are the most used at the web. Better for users and Google.

When you find the name and extension that you want, then you must register at the website and following the steps inside your account you can buy the domain. Very easy! 

At this point you only have registered the domain. I will publish another posts to explain how you can get your site ready to work.

So come on, try to buy your first domain now and tell your friends that you already own something at the web.

Christmas wishes come in many different forms but have one single essence – To spread peace and happiness on this sacred occasion.

Merry Christmas!!!!

It is official: The 41 years German pilot Michael Schumacher was announced officialy as Mercedes’s pilot for Formula1 2010 season. The agreement was signed for one year according to Mercedes official site.
Schumacher will partner compatriot Nico Rosberg in the team that won the drivers’ and constructors’ titles in 2009.

Returning, Schumacher puts an end to a three years period far from races. For the pilot the rest was deserved for recovering energies but leave him more anxious to return again.

In an exclusive interview with the BBC he added: “I’m very motivated, thrilled and excited.

“I want to have fun out there and I feel as fresh as ever. I’ve recharged myself after a three-year break. “The challenge is what I look for – I want to know it.”

Schumacher tried to come back some months ago but a neck injury sustained in a motorcycle accident last February didnt let him to proceed.

Now, Schumacher has said that he intends to make a glorious comeback by challenging for the 2010 world championship.

“I have won the title seven times and the team won both titles last year, so what do you expect,” said Schumacher, who has broken almost every major record in the sport.

Really happy good news for Formula1.

Holand was the country that showed the lowest unemployment rate between the thirty countries that belong to OCDE, with 3,7% in October.

The unemployment rate in Austria maintained at 4,7%, which happens by the fourth consecutive month.

This two countries are champions in what concerns job market evolution, because, combined unemployment rate for OCDE countries raised to 8,8%.  

Out of Europe, South Korea has a unemployment rate below 5% too, with 3,4%.

In 2007 European Comission pointed countries with good employment practices and policies. Holland and Austria were between them. Denmark was another one.

Here are the results in a global market crisis. All politicians should look at the good examples and make us happy.

In my opinion, in a competitive world like today there must be a flexible job market to help companies facing drastic demand changes but every state cannot never forget efficient social protection policies.

As we near the end of the year, we wanted to take a moment to thank you for the time, energy, commitment, and trust you’ve shared with us in 2009. With sharing in mind, this year we’ve decided to do something a little different. We hope you’ll find it fits the spirit of the holiday season. We’re looking forward to working with you to build lasting success in 2010.

Happy Holidays,
Your Google Team

If you follow that link, it lead you to this rotating globe and folowing message:

This gift is for someone special: Everyone. Because charities are experiencing their toughest year in decades, we have commited $20 million to helping those who help us all. Our gift to you is a gift to them.

I´m glad to see that Google donated $20 million and continues to be actively involved in charity work.

So, concerning my gift i have to say : Thank you Google!

These are the first real happy good news from Make you Happy Blog ! Hope to show you much more!

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Aren’t there any good stories to present?

In our days, if we listen to the news all we have mostly are negative feelings, fears and problems.

Today when you turn on the Tv, listen to the radio or read the newspaper, pay attention and figure that out.

Wars, despair stories, fights for money and power, enviromental problems, crime stories, politicians baloneys, health and  justice matters.  

All that matters are negative news. Don’t you agree?

Problems need to be discussed to find solutions and actions, but i think that they cannot be the main messages for common people.

What makes you happy?

There are many good happenings that could have much more relevance.

Stories, news, events, useful informations, ideas, discoveries, events, innovations and breakthroughs.

That is the main goal of this blog. Showing positive news! On many different fields.

So if you came back again here, at Make you Happy Blog, you’ll see that negative stories will not have place. Just to make us happy.

Take a look at the blog. If you find it interesting, please bookmark, share with friends and please come back.

You can also subscribe MakeyouHappy.net  feeds or comments and read the blog at your email.

Thats it! My reasons to read this blog are exposed. Hope you like it!

Happy  

Still exploring wordpress widgets and customizing the blog theme. Amazing what we can do with wordpress. Little heavy to run in my computer but i didnt think that there were so many widgets to customize.

Need to solve a error in top images carrousel. Border strings are not visible. If someone sees this post and could give a help i would appreciate.

Ok

• Pictures
• Link to the all post

Permalink was not ok.

Dont know why, but this featured posts area dont accept a larger text area. Maybe defined in some file. Must check! 

I like this theme very much but i think its not very user friendly.

I must get used to it.